Something like inheritance in database design

Question

Suppose you were setting up a database to store crash test data of various vehicles. You want to store data of crash tests for speedboats, cars, and go-karts.

You could create three separate tables: SpeedboatTests, CarTests, and GokartTests. But a lot of your columns are going to be the same in each table (for example, the employee id of the person who performed the test, the direction of the collision (front, side, rear), etc.). However, plenty of columns will be different, so you don't want to just put all of the test data in a single table because you'll have quite a few columns that will always be null for speedboats, quite a few that will always be null for cars, and quite a few that will always be null for go-karts.

Let's say you also want to store some information that isn't directly related to the tests (such as the employee id of the designer of the thing being tested). These columns don't seem right to put in a "Tests" table at all, especially because they'll be repeated for all tests on the same vehicle.

Let me illustrate one possible arrangement of tables, so you can see the questions involved.

Speedboats
id | col_about_speedboats_but_not_tests1 | col_about_speedboats_but_not_tests2

Cars
id | col_about_cars_but_not_tests1 | col_about_cars_but_not_tests2

Gokarts
id | col_about_gokarts_but_not_tests1 | col_about_gokarts_but_not_tests2

Tests
id | type | id_in_type | col_about_all_tests1 | col_about_all_tests2
(id_in_type will refer to the id column of one of the next three tables,
depending on the value of type)

SpeedboatTests
id | speedboat_id | col_about_speedboat_tests1 | col_about_speedboat_tests2

CarTests
id | car_id | col_about_car_tests1 | col_about_car_tests2

GokartTests
id | gokart_id | col_about_gokart_tests1 | col_about_gokart_tests2

What is good/bad about this structure and what would be the preferred way of implementing something like this?

What if there's also some information that applies to all vehicles that you'd prefer to have in a Vehicles table? Would the CarTests table then look something like...

id | vehicle_id | ...

With a Vehicles table like this:
id | type | id_in_type
(with id_in_type pointing to the id of either a speedboat, car, or go-kart)

This is just getting to be a royal mess it seems. How SHOULD something like this be set up?

Answer 1

What you are looking for is called Database Normalization, and it is extremely useful for modeling issues like this.

Answer 2

I would break it up into different tables, e.g. Vehicle (ID, type, etc) VehicleAttributes ()VehicleID, AttributeID, Value), CrashTestInfo(VehicleID, CrashtestID, Date etc.) CrashtestAttributes(CrashTestID, AttributeID, Value)

Or rather than attributes, separate tables for each set of similar detail that should be recorded.

Answer 3

This is not such as mess as it seems. If you were doing OO modeling and drew your hierarchy it wouldn't differ so much from following DB normalization rules. Many of the underlying concepts are shared.

Answer 4

For mapping inheritance hierarchies to database tables, I think Martin Fowler lays out the alternatives fairly well in his book Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture.

http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html

http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/classTableInheritance.html

http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/concreteTableInheritance.html

If the number of additional fields/columns is small for subclasses, then single table inheritance is usually the simplest to deal with.

If you're using PostgreSQL for your database and you're willing to tie yourself to a database-specific feature, it supports table inheritance directly:

http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/ddl-inherit.html

Answer 5

Your design is reasonable and is following the correct normalization rules. You might be missing a Vehicle table with a Vehicle Id and Type (ie the "parent" for Speedboats, Cars, and Gokarts... where you'd keep stuff like "DesignedByUserId"). Between the Vehicle table and the Speedboats table is a one - to - one relationship, and between Vehicle and Speedboat/Cars/GoKarts there is a 1-and-only-1 relationship (ie. a vehicle can only have 1 record for speedboat, cars or go karts)... though most db's don't offer an easy enforcement mechanism for this.

One normalization rule that helps identify these sorts of things is that a field should depend only upon the primary key of the table. In a consolidated table where speedboat, cars, and gokart test results are stored together then the cars related fields depend not only on the test date but also on the vechicle id and vehicle type. The primary key for the test results table is test date + vehicle id, and vehicle type isn't what makes the test data row unique (ie. is there anyway to conduct a test on 01/01/200912:30pm on one specific vehicle that is both a speedboat and car... nope... can't be done).

I'm not explaining the normalization rule particularily well... but 3rd/4th/5th normal forms rules always confuses me when I read the formal descriptions. One of those (3rd/4th/5th) deals with fields depending upon the primary key and only the primary key. The rule make the assumption that the primary key has been correctly identified (incorrectly defininh the primary key is far too easy to do).

Answer 6

The type and id_in_type design is called Polymorphic Associations. This design breaks rules of normalization in multiple ways. If nothing else, it should be a red flag that you can't declare a real foreign key constraint, because the id_in_type may reference any of several tables.

Here's a better way of defining your tables:

• Make an abstract table Vehicles to provide an abstract reference point for all vehicle sub-types and vehicle tests.
• Each vehicle sub-type has a primary key that does not auto-increment, but instead references Vehicles.
• Each test sub-type has a primary key that does not auto-increment, but instead references Tests.
• Each test sub-type also has a foreign key to the corresponding vehicle sub-type.

Here's sample DDL:

CREATE TABLE Vehicles (
 vehicle_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY
);

CREATE TABLE Speedboats (
 vehicle_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
 col_about_speedboats_but_not_tests1 INT,
 col_about_speedboats_but_not_tests2 INT,
 FOREIGN KEY(vehicle_id) REFERENCES Vehicles(vehicle_id)
);

CREATE TABLE Cars (
 vehicle_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
 col_about_cars_but_not_tests1 INT,
 col_about_cars_but_not_tests2 INT,
 FOREIGN KEY(vehicle_id) REFERENCES Vehicles(vehicle_id)
);

CREATE TABLE Gokarts (
 vehicle_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
 col_about_gokarts_but_not_tests1 INT,
 col_about_gokarts_but_not_tests2 INT,
 FOREIGN KEY(vehicle_id) REFERENCES Vehicles(vehicle_id)
);

CREATE TABLE Tests (
 test_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
 col_about_all_tests1 INT,
 col_about_all_tests2 INT
);

CREATE TABLE SpeedboatTests (
 test_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
 vehicle_id INT NOT NULL,
 col_about_speedboat_tests1 INT,
 col_about_speedboat_tests2 INT,
 FOREIGN KEY(test_id) REFERENCES Tests(test_id),
 FOREIGN KEY(vehicle_id) REFERENCES Speedboats(vehicle_id)
);

CREATE TABLE CarTests (
 test_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
 vehicle_id INT NOT NULL,
 col_about_car_tests1 INT,
 col_about_car_tests2 INT,
 FOREIGN KEY(test_id) REFERENCES Tests(test_id),
 FOREIGN KEY(vehicle_id) REFERENCES Cars(vehicle_id)
);

CREATE TABLE GokartTests (
 test_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
 vehicle_id INT NOT NULL,
 col_about_gokart_tests1 INT,
 col_about_gokart_tests2 INT,
 FOREIGN KEY(test_id) REFERENCES Tests(test_id),
 FOREIGN KEY(vehicle_id) REFERENCES Gokarts(vehicle_id)
);

You could alternatively declare Tests.vehicle_id which references Vehicles.vehicle_id and get rid of the vehicle_id foreign keys in each test sub-type table, but that would permit anomalies, such as a speedboat test that references a gokart's id.

Answer 7

Do a google search on "gen-spec relational modeling". You'll find articles on how to set up tables that store the attributes of the generalized entity (what OO programmers might call the superclass), separate tables for each of the specialized entities (subclasses), and how to use foreign keys to link it all together.

The best articles, IMO, discuss gen-spec in terms of ER modeling. If you know how to translate an ER model into a relational model, and thence to SQL tables, you'll know what to do once they show you how to model gen-spec in ER.

If you just google on "gen-spec", most of what you'll see is object oriented, not relational oriented. That stuff may be useful as well, as long as you know how to overcome the object relational impedance mismatch.

Answer 8

If you are using SQLAlchemy, an object-relational mapper for Python, you can configure how inheritance hierarchies are mapped to database tables. Object-relational mappers are good for taming otherwise tedious SQL.

Your problem might be a good fit for vertical tables. Instead of storing everything in the schema, store the object's type and primary key in one table and key/value tuples for each object in another table. If you really were storing car tests, this setup would make it much easier to add new kinds of results.