It turns out the problem I was having was related to my declaration of the Project parameter being passed into my Mojo. Since there's only one instance of a MavenProject within a Maven build, you can't specify an expression (and there's really no Java String that can be cast to a MavenProject object) for the parameter and the default value has to be "${project}".
So to access the MavenProject from within a Maven Plugin Mojo, for any phase, use the following parameter declaration:
/**
* Project instance, used to add new source directory to the build.
*
* @parameter expression="export.project" default-value="${project}"
* @required
* @readonly
*/
private MavenProject project;