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I imagine this makes no difference, but I will try to access it using a Java application.

UPDATE: I'll use smart cards in a public/private keys encryption system.

+4  A: 

There are different types of smart cards and you're not making clear which kind of test you mean, but I guess you're talking about cryptographic smart cards.

JavaCard development kit contains a reference JCRE which can be used to emulate a hardware JavaCard in software, so you can "deploy" your smart card applet (if you're writing one) to the non-existant smart card and test it with apdutool [1]

[1] http://www.developer.com/tech/article.php/913451/A-Java-Card-Primer-Part-2.htm

martin
I'll use smart cards in a public/private keys encryption system.
Tom Brito
If you're only going to *use* smart cards (not deal with the personalization cycle) you could forget the virtual smart card thing and use a software PKCS#11 implementation, as most smart card vendors provide one for their cards. PKCS#11 as an interface is constant so *hopefully* you need to do only minor or no changes at all to your code to use smart cards after you are done with development and testing.
martin
www.opensc-project.org/opensc/JavaCard contains links with resources to JavaCard related stuff (nothing about emulators) but for generic card related development you don't need to emulate a single card (unless you're definitely planning to do smart card dev) rather you need to emulate the required software API (like PKCS#11).So, depending on your application, will you be using the Sun PKCS#11 method (high level, card-neutral crypto interface for smart cards or HSM-s) or javax.smartcardio 1.6+ (Low level, card-dependant access method for smart cards) is the first question you need to ask.
martin
I'm looking for the most generic thing possible, just for tests, as we still don't know details about the smart card we will get.. (the project designers are studying it).
Tom Brito