Can all language constructs be first-class in languages with offside-rules?

Question

In LISP-like languages all language constructs are first-class citizens.

Consider the following example in Dylan:

let x = if (c)
          foo();
        else
          bar();
        end;

and in LISP:

(setf x (if c (foo) (bar)))

In Python you would have to write:

if c:
    x = foo();
else:
    x = bar();

Because Python destinguishes statements and expressions.

Can all language constructs in a language which adheres to the off-side rule (has an indention-based syntax) be expressions, so that you can assign them to variables or pass them as parameters?

Answer 1

I don't see the relation with first-classness here - you're not passing the if statement to the function, but the object it returns, which is as fully first class in python as in lisp. However as far as having a statement/expression dichotomy, clearly it is possible: Haskell for instance has indentation-based syntax, yet as a purely functional language obviously has no statements.

I think Python's separation here has more to do with forbidding dangerous constructs like "if x=4:" etc than any syntax limitation. (Though I think it loses more than it gains by this - sometimes having the flexibility sufficient to shoot off your foot is very valuable, even if you do risk losing a few toes now and again.)

Answer 2

Python has the following syntax that performs the same thing:

x = foo() if c else bar()