What image resolution can/should be used as the icon.png file for an iphone app? I know the size is 57 x 57 but what about the resolution? Links to specific documentation relating to iphone app icon design would also be helpful.
Resolution only matters when you are trying to match the size of an image across multiple devices (print, screen, etc)
App icons are always 57x57 and will display without any scaling thus resolution doesn't matter (you could save it as 72dpi, 65535dpi or missing the dpi metadata entirely--SpringBoard won't care and will draw it the same in all three cases)
I have had the best luck submitting to the App Store with 72dip, 57x57 icons.
If creating new images for the iPhone work with the image size in pixels i.e. 57 x 57 for icons. If you work with image sizes set in millimetres or inches, you'll find that 10mm on your monitor equates to only 4.4mm on the iPhone. The iPhone resolution is 163ppi which is over twice (2.25) the 72dpi resolution of a normal monitor. There is another good reason for the question, in that you may need to provide larger images for marketing (websites, blogs, banner ads, or even printed material) requiring zoomed in images that remain super sharp. In these general wider use cases I prefer to work at 300 dpi at the largest target size and then resize/resample image and resolution when done.
57 x 57 and Apple takes care of the rest. Apple suggests that you have larger, more detailed graphics for, in the event, that your app gets selected as a feature app.
57x57, as said.
You can chosse by code if let Apple to add the "shiny effect" or if you'll do (or not) it by yourself
and if you wonder again about iPhone icon size: http://www.iphoneiconsize.com