I found a workaround for the bug.
If you delete the .app file in build/Debug-iphoneos/ before building for the device, the app gets installed without errors.
And there is a simple way to do that before every build.
Make sure you have selected "Device" in the dropdown overview menu.
In XCode go to Project > New target...
Then find "Shell Script target" under MacOSX/Other
Name it and add it to the current project
Now, in the left navigation panel, under targets, expand your newly created target and double-click on Run Script.
In the window that opens replace "# shell script goes here" with "rm -fr build/Debug-iphoneos/*.app" (without the quotes).
Now open your main target preferences and under Direct Dependencies add your newly created target.
Build and Go! :)