Your question doesn't reveal how you use libcurl, thus this isn't easy to answer accurately without a lot of guessing. I would also assume some of those missing details would reveal why the app works differently on Linux and Windows.
Your request sends a content-length of 244 but the output you show doesn't include any request-body, why? To me it looks like the server is legitimately waiting for that data to arrive but you don't provide it.
So, you send a weird request. The server replies with a weird response. Garbage in, garbage out I guess.