How does an "extern C" declaration work?

Question

I'm taking a programming languages course and we're talking about the "extern C" declaration.

How does this declaration work at a deeper level other than "it interfaces C and C++"? How does this affect the bindings that take place in the program as well?

Answer 1

Here is a quote from msdn

"The extern keyword declares a variable or function and specifies that it has external linkage (its name is visible from files other than the one in which it's defined). When modifying a variable, extern specifies that the variable has static duration (it is allocated when the program begins and deallocated when the program ends). The variable or function may be defined in another source file, or later in the same file. Declarations of variables and functions at file scope are external by default."

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/0603949d%28VS.80%29.aspx

Answer 2

extern "C" is used to ensure that the symbols following are not mangled (decorated).

---

Example:

Let's say we have the following code in a file called test.cpp:

extern "C" {
  int foo() {
    return 1;
  }
}

int bar() {
  return 1;
}

If you run gcc -c test.cpp -o test.o

Take a look at the symbols names:

00000010 T _Z3barv

00000000 T foo

foo() keeps its name.

Answer 3

When you flag a block of code with extern "C", you're telling the system to use C style linkage.

This, mainly, affects the way the linker mangles the names. Instead of using C++ style name mangling (which is more complex to support operator overloads), you get the standard C-style naming out of the linker.

Answer 4

In C++ the name/symbol of the functions are actually renamed to something else such that different classes/namespaces can have functions of same signatures. In C, the functions are all globally defined and no such customized renaming process is needed.

To make C++ and C talk with each other, "extern C" instructs the compiler not to use the C convention.

Answer 5

Let's look at a typical function that can compile in both C and C++:

int Add (int a, int b)
{
    return a+b;
}

Now in C the function is called "_Add" internally. Whereas the C++ function is called something completely different internally using a system called name-mangling. Its basically a way to name a function so that the same function with different parameters has a different internal name.

So if Add() is defined in add.c, and you have the prototype in add.h you will get a problem if you try to include add.h in a C++ file. Because the C++ code is looking for a function with a name different to the one in add.c you will get a linker error. To get around that problem you must include add.c by this method:

extern "C"
{
#include "add.h"
}

Now the C++ code will link with _Add instead of the C++ name mangled version.

That's one of the uses of the expression. Bottom line, if you need to compile code that is strictly C in a C++ program (via an include statement or some other means) you need to wrap it with a extern "C" { ... } declaration.

Answer 6

extern "C" denotes that the enclosed code uses C-style linking and name mangling. C++ uses a more complex name mangling format. Here's an example:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_mangling

int example(int alpha, char beta);

in C: _example

in C++: __Z7exampleic

Answer 7

extern C affects name mangling by the C++ compiler. Its a way of getting the C++ compiler to not mangle names, or rather to mangle them in the same way that a C compiler would. This is the way it interfaces C and C++.

As an example:

extern "C" void foo(int i);

will allow the function to be implemented in a C module, but allow it to be called from a C++ module.

The trouble comes when trying to get a C module to call a C++ function (obviously C can't use C++ classes) defined in a C++ module. The C compiler doesn't like extern "C".

So you need to use this:

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

void foo(int i);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

Now when this appears in a header file, both the C and C++ compilers will be happy with the declaration and it could now be defined in either a C or C++ module, and can be called by both C and C++ code.

Answer 8

It should be noted that extern "C" also modifies the types of functions. It does not only modify things on lower levels:

extern "C" typedef void (*function_ptr_t)();

void foo();

int main() { function_ptr_t fptr = &foo; } // error!

The type of &foo does not equal the type that the typedef designates (although the code is accepted by some, but not all compilers).