Is there a compiled* programming language with dynamic, maybe even weak typing?

Question

I wondered if there is a programming language which compiles to machine code/binary (not bytecode then executed by a VM, that's something completely different when considering typing) that features dynamic and/or weak typing, e.g:

Think of a compiled language where:

• Variables don't need to be declared
• Variables can be created doing runtime
• Functions can return values of different types

Questions:

• Is there such a programming language?
• (Why) not?

I think that a dynamically yet strong typed, compiled language would really sense, but is it possible?

Answer 1

I'm working on a language called Prog with all of those goals in mind. It's still in the early stages, but I think it has a lot of potential. I don't know of any existing languages that take quite the same approach, but naturally I'm biased.

Answer 2

Objective-C might have some of the properties you seek. Classes can be opened and altered in runtime, and you can send any kind of message to an object, whether it usually responds to it or not. In that way, you can implement duck typing, much like in Ruby. The type id, roughly equivalent to a void*, can be endowed with interfaces that specify a contract that the (otherwise unknown) type will adhere to.

Answer 3

I believe Lisp fits that description.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp

Answer 4

C# 4.0 has many, if not all of these characteristics. If you really want native machine code, you can compile the bytecode down to machine code using a utility.

In particular, the use of the dynamic keyword allows objects and their members to be bound dynamically at runtime.

Check out Anders Hejlsberg's video, The Future of C#, for a primer:

http://channel9.msdn.com/pdc2008/TL16/

Answer 5

I don't know of any language that has exactly those capabilities. I can think of two that have a significant subset, though:

• D has type inference, garbage collection, and powerful metaprogramming facilities, yet compiles to efficient machine code. It does not have dynamic typing, however.
• C# can be compiled directly to machine code via the mono project. C# has a similar feature set to D, but again without dynamic typing.

Answer 6

Objective-C has many of the features you mention: it compiles to machine code and is effectively dynamically typed with respect to object instances. The id type can store any class instance and Objective-C uses message passing instead of member function calls. Methods can be created/added at runtime. The Objective-C runtime can also synthesize class instance variables at runtime, but local variables still need to be declared (just as in C).

C# 4.0 has many of these features, except that it is compiled to IL (bytecode) and interpreted using a virtual machine (the CLR). This brings up an interesting point, however: if bytecode is just-in-time compiled to machine code, does that count? If so, it opens to the door to not only any of the .Net languages, but Python (see PyPy or Unladed Swallow or IronPython) and Ruby (see MacRuby or IronRuby) and many other dynamically typed languages, not mention many LISP variants.

Answer 7

VB 6 has most of that

Answer 8

Python to C probably needs these criteria.

1. Write in Python.

2. Compile Python to Executable. See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2136837/process-to-convert-simple-python-script-into-windows-executable. Also see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2525518/writing-code-translator-from-python-to-c