Parts of iOS 4 have been discussed by Steve already at the unveiling a few months back, so some details should be free to talk about.
I think you are asking one of two things: can you initiate the upload of pics from an app and then switch to another app while the upload completes in the background or can you automatically upload any new pictures taken at certain intervals.
You can do the former, because iOS 4 gives you a certain amount of time for task completition after you exit an app. There's not a lot of time, however. See the Apple developer site for how long you have specifically.
The latter isn't really possible yet. Periodic events can only be triggered under certain conditions. These are things like location changes, VOIP or the audio buffer running out of data to play (Pandora in the background would use the latter). You can't just have an arbitrary process constantly run in the background actively and monitor your photo album, or even check in every fixed interval and look for an update. If you want to accomplish this, you might be better off writing your own camera app and then automatically uploading all the pics before copying them to the system photo album.
I don't know about accessing the photo album in bulk, but my guess would be Apple doesn't offer that, so an app can't covertly access your pics without you knowing about it.