You should add your run delegate as an attribute for a range of characters in your attributed string. See Core Text String Attributes. When drawing, Core Text will call your callbacks to get the sizing of that characters.
Update
This is a sample code for a view drawing a simple text (Note that there's no memory management code here).
@implementation View
/* Callbacks */
void MyDeallocationCallback( void* refCon ){
}
CGFloat MyGetAscentCallback( void *refCon ){
    return 10.0;
}
CGFloat MyGetDescentCallback( void *refCon ){
    return 4.0;
}
CGFloat MyGetWidthCallback( void* refCon ){
    return 125;
}
- (void)drawRect:(CGRect)rect {
    // create an attributed string
    NSMutableAttributedString * attrString = [[NSMutableAttributedString alloc]                 initWithString:@"This is my delegate space"];
    // create the delegate
    CTRunDelegateCallbacks callbacks;
    callbacks.version = kCTRunDelegateVersion1;
    callbacks.dealloc = MyDeallocationCallback;
    callbacks.getAscent = MyGetAscentCallback;
    callbacks.getDescent = MyGetDescentCallback;
    callbacks.getWidth = MyGetWidthCallback;
    CTRunDelegateRef delegate = CTRunDelegateCreate(&callbacks, NULL);
    // set the delegate as an attribute
    CFAttributedStringSetAttribute((CFMutableAttributedStringRef)attrString, CFRangeMake(19, 1), kCTRunDelegateAttributeName, delegate);
    // create a frame and draw the text
    CTFramesetterRef frameSetter = CTFramesetterCreateWithAttributedString((CFAttributedStringRef)attrString);
    CGMutablePathRef path = CGPathCreateMutable();
    CGPathAddRect(path, NULL, rect);
    CTFrameRef frame = CTFramesetterCreateFrame(frameSetter, CFRangeMake(0, attrString.length), path, NULL);
    CGContextRef context = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext();
    CGContextSetTextMatrix(context, CGAffineTransformIdentity);
    CGContextSetTextPosition(context, 0.0, 0.0);
    CTFrameDraw(frame, context);
}
@end
The size of the space character between "delegate" and "space" in the text are controlled by the run delegate.