What you look for is called environment mapping. This can be done using sphere mapping (this can be done on very simple hardware) or cube mapping.
Cube mapping could be done long before pixel shaders became popular, but it seems they are an extension to OpenGL ES 1.1, so the iPhone may or may not implement it (quick googling suggests not, but I didn't try).
Sphere mapping should be supported in ES. It has been in OpenGL since the beginning, I believe.
Anyway, to clarify: These methods only transform texture coordinates, so they need not work on pixel level. Hence a pixel shader is unnecessary. However, using a pixel shader you could do more advanced stuff like bump mapping, which would give your object more of a "surface".