There's actually a few 256 color configurations.
I can't think of any .NET libraries that contain these colors; you'll probably either have to generate the colors yourself or parse these pages using some tricky copy/paste and search/replace to hard code them.
The VGA palette is sort of the one that's the most "native" to the PC industry:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA#The_VGA_color_palette
You can also programmatically generate an 8 bit truecolor palette:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit_color
The 216 color web palette might also suit your needs:
http://www.pagetutor.com/common/bgcolors216.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors#Web-safe_colors
Edit: Color extremeness is sort of a dark art actually, perceptual color extremeness doubly so.
You might come up with a scheme to sample the HSB chart at the correct intervals, but extremity is a one-dimensional concept, and HSB is a three-dimensional chart... so I'm not too sure how you'd do it.