Presumably easiest would be to render the page and count the pixels of different colors from a screenshot, because otherwise you can't tell which colors from the CSS file actually cover large areas. It's unlikely you could script this easily from command line but if you have a windowing environment, writing such a program wouldn't be too complicated. If you use QT, you can load the page into a QWebView, use QPixmap.grabWindow to get the pixels, convert it to QImage and then loop through the pixels counting them.
When converting the web page to an image, a big point to have in mind is that a user could send it to a malicious website to take advantage of a security problem in whatever rendering engine you are using, and even take over the server. Make sure to at least disable JavaScript and Flash, even though that will make some websites look different from normal. Otherwise it's far too easy to get the program stuck in an infinite loop even if nothing else.