Joel Spolsky repeats over and over that today, knowing a bit of anthropology can be very useful for a programer because much of what's being created is social software.
How can someone that already knows the computer science learn the anthropology needed to know how human beings works? Any books? Any recorded lectures?
The only rule to know about social software is that "people will do anything to make money or get laid" :)
But on a serious note, I don't think anthropology is what matters, but rather an understanding of the motivation that people have to contribute to social software or to expose themselves on social software. There have been quite a few recent books that explain a lot of these concepts in good terms. A good start could be "Here comes everybody" by Clay Shriky.
I would suggest Clay Shirky's site is a good place to start. It's social anthropology set in a context of the internet, so it's more accessible (to programmers) than purely academic anthropology.
There is a book I've heard is good, but didn't have a chance to dig through it yet: Programming collective intelligence. It gives you some algorithms to quantify human behavior in social software. Sounds interesting.
Mathew Podwysocki wrote a post some time ago about implementing these ideas in Haskell.
I agree that knowing a bit about how we think is more important now for a developer then ever. The book Consciousness Explained by Dan Dennett was a real eye opener for me in understanding that we don't think the way we think we think.
I'm not sure that approaching contemporary anthropology is a whole is the absolute best way to develop the knowledge that you seek. Anthropologists study a bunch of different things, and while knowing this stuff will help you be able to develop better designs and products, this is a case where being a generalist is probably not an effective use of time.
Anthropologists study culture, the superstructural stuff that happens when you put a bunch of people in close proximity and let the situation stew for a while. Apologies for the rough definition. Knowing about culture, how cultures and societies function, what causes them to break, what causes them to flourish is fascinating and useful. Reading the "anthropological cannon" will help you begin to understand this, but again long road, and I think the questions you need answered are more easily addressed with some specific projects.
First I'd like to just characterize Anthropology for a moment: Although Anthropology isn't an experimental field, it's incredibly empirical. Anthropologists collect a lot of data, and attempt to describe what they see as totally as possible. This methodology, and approach is--I think--extremely useful to software developers. It's very easy to say "people want this," or "users feel this way," about a feature or aspect of your software based on your experiences. It's terribly difficult to figure out how users actually feel and interact with your software in a precise way. If you had to take one Anthropology class as a software developer, I'd recommend something with a methodological emphasis.
In terms of specific resources, the following directions spring to mind
Dona Harroway's "The Cyborg Manifesto," springs instantly to mind as the foundational work in a field of study that explores the interaction between people, and machines as a social phenomena. It's short. Good read. Amber Case, a young "cyborg anthropologist" does work in Harroway's tradition, and I'd follow up on both of these folks.
Secondly, I'd explore studies of cities and small communities. Except in some very extreme cases (i.e. Twitter, Facebook, etc.), whole cultures aren't using your software. Groups are. Learn about them. I think urban studies and work that gets called "urban sociology" might begin to provide you the kinds of answer that you'd be interested in. I think that would be a good place to start.