Where can I find articles that have a
description of how this can be
achieved?
Have you heard of google? I'd start there.
Seriously, some of these (grayscale conversion, brightness, gamma correction) are all very straightforward.
Personally, I would pick grayscale conversion and brightness adjustment and try and implement them myself.
FOREACH scanline
FOREACH pixel
pixelvalue = F(pixelvalue)
All you need to do is work out what F() might be. Experiment with some different functions to understand the effects that you get, and you'll have a good idea of what you need.
For the more complex algorithms (edge detection), I'd start on wikipedia.