I'm looking for an overview of algorithms, you need every now and then. If there is a problem, you either do reinvent the wheel or spend a lot of time searching for an algorithm to a common known problem which has been solved a hundred times before.
Best one would be a website with sorted algorithms, like:
I think you get a feeling what I mean.
What pages do you know?
How about Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures from the NIST?
You also have a good Wikibook on Algorithms, referred by many algorithms articles.
This book is excellent:
This has been linked in other answers but is a good resource:
There is a series of books, "The Art Of Computer Programming" which is quite comprehensive, if you want something in paper.
I would strongly recommend the book "Algorithm Design Manual" by Steven Skiena. It has the catalog structure you are mentioning.
CLRS.
That is to say, the "Introduction to Algorithms" textbook by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest and Stein.
It will give you a good overview of the most significant algorithms for most common purposes, along with a solid analysis.
A simple website/list would be a disservice if it inspired too-hasty "cut and paste" selection without a solid understanding.
In addition to seconding The Algorithm Design Manual, I've had a very positive experience with this book:
As well as The Algorithm Design Manual, there's the online Stony Brook Algorithm Repository managed by the author, which links to implementations. Both have an excellent catalogue structure.